Supporters of the plan, drawn up by the finance ministry, say the new system will improve traffic flow.
Car drivers will be able to buy special tickets for motorway journeys or pay through an app.
The ruling Law and Justice party has backed the project. But the opposition Civic Coalition has said it will vote against it.
Opposition deputy Cezary Grabarczyk said the new system would mean drivers are subjected to hi-tech monitoring, which would be against the Polish constitution.
If passed by parliament, the new rules are expected to come into force later this year, public broadcaster Polish Radio reported.
(pk)
Source: IAR