Łoboda said 164 entities—including foundations, associations, business organisations and individuals—are suspected of involvement in the misuse of public money through irregularities in the distribution and settlement of grants.
He said the amount was PLN 18 billion (EUR 4.3 billion) higher than earlier estimates.
"The underlying mechanism was spending public money outside the legal framework," Łoboda said, adding that auditors had identified "widespread violations of basic rules" governing the management of public funds.
"Even when funds were formally distributed, the money was often not used for the purposes it was intended for," he said.
"Those were public funds—taxpayers’ money and our common good," he added.
The allegations concern the period from 2015 to 2023, when the conservative Law and Justice (PiS) party was in power.
PiS leader Jarosław Kaczyński has rejected claims that his party misused billions in public funds during its time in office.
Łoboda said the figures cited by Prime Minister Donald Tusk’s government were based on documented findings.
"This is not made up. The scale of the irregularities was simply enormous," he said.
The comments came amid heightened political tensions following Hungary’s decision to grant political asylum to former PiS Justice Minister Zbigniew Ziobro.
Polish prosecutors have accused Ziobro of helping create and lead an organised criminal group that allegedly misappropriated more than PLN 150 million (EUR 35.4 million) in public funds.
Ziobro faces 26 criminal charges, including leading a criminal organisation, Łoboda said.
"These are standard criminal charges based on documents, emails and testimony from people who worked with him," he said. "If he claims he is innocent, he should prove it in court."
Hungary’s Prime Minister Viktor Orban is a close political ally of Poland's right-wing opposition.