Ukraine's Center for Countering Disinformation warned in a post on X on Tuesday that fabricated videos of purported Polish soldiers had spread across YouTube, TikTok, Facebook and Instagram in recent days.
The clips, styled as interviews, showed AI-generated men in uniform criticizing Ukrainians, referencing the World War II-era Volhynia massacres and claiming refugees were driving up crime in Poland.
Poland's NASK state research institute, which also flagged the videos, said its analysis found signs pointing to a possible Russian link, including awkward phrasing typical of translation from Russian, stray Cyrillic characters, and uniforms resembling those worn by Russian and Belarusian forces rather than Polish ones.
NASK said the fabricated soldiers repeatedly used derogatory nicknames for Ukrainians and made claims about Poland's Border Guard agency.
The videos also warned of an alleged wave of migrants entering Poland and used anti-EU rhetoric.
Fact-checking outlet Konkret24 said some accounts behind the videos had already been taken down, but one YouTube channel alone had posted more than 50 such clips, with the most-viewed reaching nearly 300,000 views.
It is not the first time AI-generated soldiers have been used for disinformation targeting Poland and Ukraine, experts say.
Public broadcaster TVP Info reported in October that a video showing purported Polish soldiers calling for the seizure of Lviv had been generated using the AI model Veo, identifiable by its visible watermark.
A month later, a separate video circulated on social media showing a crying 23-year-old man who claimed to have been mobilized into Ukraine's army.
Inconsistencies in his uniform indicated that clip, too, had been artificially generated, Polish state news agency PAP reported.
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Source: PAP