The Sejm approved the legislation on Thursday with the backing of the governing coalition.
The Law and Justice (PiS) party and other opposition groups voted against it, and it now goes to the Senate.
At the centre of the dispute is the National Council of the Judiciary (KRS), the body responsible for recommending candidates for judicial posts.
Its judge-members were selected under PiS, which was in power at the time.
The bill would invalidate the council's recommendations made between 2018 and May 2026, except those relating to junior judges.
The posts affected would become vacant and be filled through new selection procedures.
Judges who held other judicial posts before their appointments would return to those positions, although they could continue working in their current courts until the new procedures were completed.
Others could go back to their previous professions, such as prosecution, or take up jobs as court clerks.
The bill would also allow a limited number of cases decided by the judges to be reopened.
It would abolish a Supreme Court chamber, the Chamber of Extraordinary Control and Public Affairs, and scrap the “extraordinary complaint” procedure, which allows final court rulings to be challenged.
PiS and its allies sought to have the bill rejected, with MP Sebastian Kaleta strongly criticising it during the debate.
Opposition politicians said they expected President Karol Nawrocki to veto the law.
Last year, when an earlier version of the proposal was presented, the head of Nawrocki’s office said "neither the government nor parliament could force the president to sign legislation that was bad for Poland."
Deputy Justice Minister Dariusz Mazur has argued that the changes are necessary to demonstrate that the government has attempted to find a systemic solution to the dispute.
He also said the reform was important for credibility, including towards the European Union, as Poland tries to meet its obligations under the EU treaties.
(ał)
Source: PAP