Defender Jakub Kiwior scored the only goal of the match with a header in the 31st minute at the National Stadium in Warsaw.
The match marked the last international appearance of former Poland captain Jakub Błaszczykowski, who, at 37, was given an official send-off after earning 109 caps with the national team.
Poland goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny made a string of spectacular saves to deny the visiting side.
The more than 50,000-strong crowd at Warsaw's National Stadium cheered on the players. Photo: PAP/Leszek Szymański
Poland are ranked 23rd worldwide by football's governing body FIFA, while Germany are No. 14 in the FIFA table.
The Poles, coached by Portuguese manager Fernando Santos, will take on Moldova away from home in a Euro 2024 qualifier on June 20.
The Polish team, captained by star striker Robert Lewandowski, on March 24 opened its Euro 2024 qualifying campaign with a 1-3 defeat against the Czech Republic. The Poles beat Albania 1-0 at home in their second Euro 2024 qualifier on March 27.
After two rounds of fixtures, Poland are second in their qualifying Group E, which also includes the Faroe Islands.
The Euro 2024 tournament will be held from June 14 to July 14, 2024 in 10 cities in Germany, with the final played at Berlin's Olympiastadion.
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Source: IAR, PAP, TVP Sport