Turkey took the opener 25-15, but Poland fought back to level the match, edging the third set 25-22 before a fourth-set defeat, 25-16, forced a decider.
Poland controlled the tie-break throughout to seal a 15-10 win and the match 3-2.
The result means the team finished top of the pool ahead of Turkey, the defending champions and one of the tournament favourites.
Stefano Lavarini's side will now face Portugal, who finished fourth in Pool C, in the round of 16.
Turkey will play Azerbaijan for a quarter-final spot.
The tournament, officially known as the CEV Trendyol EuroVolley 2026 Women, is being held in Azerbaijan, the Czech Republic, Sweden and Turkey between 21 August and 6 September 2026.
(ał)
Source: PAP, polskieradio24.pl