The attack damaged buildings and knocked out power in parts of the Ukrainian capital, according to officials.
A fire broke out and the upper floors of a nine-storey residential building were destroyed in Kyiv's Solomianskyi district, where seven people were killed, Mayor Vitali Klitschko said.
He called for Friday to be observed as a day of mourning.
Two other districts also were damaged, Klitschko said in a social media post. Nonresidential buildings, warehouses, a school and a children's hospital were hit, he said.
Power company DTEK said it had restored electricity to more than half of the roughly 90,000 homes that lost power in Kyiv following the attack, the Reuters news agency reported.
Ukraine's air force said Russia launched dozens of ballistic, cruise and hypersonic missiles, as well as 168 drones, in overnight attacks across the country.
Air defences shot down 145 drones and most of the cruise missiles, but none of the ballistic missiles, the air force said.
The Kyiv region was the main target of the attack, the air force said.
Russia has stepped up air attacks on Ukraine in recent months, seeking to exploit shortages of air-defence interceptors capable of countering ballistic missiles, according to Reuters.
Ukraine has also increased attacks on Russia, targeting oil facilities and logistics infrastructure in an effort to undermine Moscow's ability to wage war, Reuters reported.
Diplomatic efforts have so far failed to produce a lasting ceasefire in the war, which began with Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.
Poland scrambled fighter jets and placed its air defence systems on alert as Russia launched a large-scale air attack on neighbouring Ukraine overnight into Thursday, Polish officials said.
No violations of Polish airspace were reported.
Meanwhile, a drone crashed in NATO and European Union member Romania during the Russian attack on Ukraine, the Romanian defence ministry said on Thursday morning.
A drone also crossed Moldova's airspace, according to the country's military.
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Source: Reuters, Ukrinform, IAR/PAP, polskieradio24.pl