More than 200 drones were launched from 6pm on Monday, of which 192 were shot down or neutralised, according to Ukraine's air force.
Targets were hit across multiple regions including Dnipro, Zhytomyr, Mykolaiv, Sumy, Kharkiv and Chernihiv, as well as Kyiv and the surrounding area.
In the Kyiv region, a drone strike set a kindergarten roof ablaze and damaged a nearby residential building.
Energy infrastructure was hit in Mykolaiv, causing blackouts across parts of the region.
A civilian locomotive was struck elsewhere.
The ceasefire, which ran from 9 to 11 May, had been agreed by both sides to coincide with Russia's Victory Day parade marking the Soviet victory in the Second World War.
It was part of a US-led push for peace under President Donald Trump, who had expressed hope the truce would be extended.
Ukraine's foreign minister Andrii Sybiha said Kyiv had proposed an extension, but Moscow had escalated instead.
"We proposed Moscow to extend the partial ceasefire beyond May 11th. Instead, this night Russia launched over 200 drones against Ukraine, targeting civilian infrastructure, including a kindergarten, injuring at least six and killing at least one person," he wrote on X.
Although neither side reported large-scale air strikes during the truce, both accused each other of continued drone and artillery attacks along the front line.
President Volodymyr Zelensky said Ukraine would respond symmetrically to all Russian actions and called on Russia to take a step towards a lasting ceasefire.
He also urged international partners to maintain and strengthen sanctions on Moscow.
(ał)
Source: PAP, IAR, Reuters