Poland had defeated Argentina 28-25 in their previous main-round match, but Saturday's defeat ended their chances of reaching the knockout stage.
The Polish team, coached by Norwegian Arne Senstad, will face Austria in their final main-round game on Monday.
Thirty-two teams, including defending champions France, are competing in the tournament, which is being co-hosted by the Netherlands and Germany and runs until December 14.
Poland also failed to advance to the quarterfinals at the 2023 World Women’s Handball Championship, co-hosted by Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
(gs)
Source: IAR, PAP, polskieradio24.pl