The Polish Football Association (PZPN) confirmed the appointment in a social media post, saying: "Meet the new coach of the Polish national team," following days of media speculation.
The announcement came after Probierz resigned last month.
The PZPN also said it would formally introduce the new coach at a press conference on Thursday at the National Stadium in Warsaw.
Urban, 63, is a former Poland international and a seasoned coach with extensive experience in both domestic and international football.
As a player, he represented clubs including Zagłębie Sosnowiec, Górnik Zabrze and Spain’s Osasuna.
He earned 57 caps for Poland between 1985 and 1991, scoring seven goals and featuring in the 1986 World Cup in Mexico.
Urban began his coaching career with youth teams in Spain before taking senior roles at clubs such as Legia Warsaw, Osasuna, Lech Poznań, Śląsk Wrocław, and most recently Górnik Zabrze, from which he was dismissed in April.
He has previously served as an assistant coach for the national team under Dutch manager Leo Beenhakker.
Probierz resigned on June 12 following a World Cup qualifying defeat to Finland and a public falling-out with star striker Robert Lewandowski.
On Wednesday, Probierz posted a message on the X social media platform supporting his successor: "Jan, I’m keeping my fingers crossed for you and the team. You're the right man to lead the squad, and I believe the fans will help us qualify for the World Cup."
Poland suffered a humiliating 2-1 defeat to lower-ranked Finland in Helsinki on June 10, a loss that dealt a blow to the team’s chances of securing automatic qualification for next year’s tournament in North America.
Tensions had escalated after Probierz stripped Lewandowski of the captain’s armband, naming Inter Milan midfielder Piotr Zieliński as his replacement.
Lewandowski said on June 8 he would no longer play under Probierz, citing a breakdown in trust—a stance he reiterated in an interview published a day later.
Polish football chief Cezary Kulesza said last month that the decision about Lewandowski's future with the national team would be up to the next head coach.
Urban has said he wants Lewandowski reinstated as team captain, broadcaster TVP Info reported.
Jan Urban. Photo: PAP/Marcin Gadomski
Probierz, who became head coach on September 20, 2023, led Poland in 21 matches, recording nine wins, five draws and seven losses, state news agency PAP reported.
Poland began its World Cup qualifying campaign in March with a 1-0 home win over Lithuania, followed by a 2-0 victory against Malta.
After three rounds of qualifiers, Poland sit third in their qualifying Group G with six points. Finland lead the group with seven points from three games, followed by the Netherlands with six points from two matches.
Poland will face the Netherlands away on September 4 and host Finland on September 7 in their next World Cup qualifiers.
The top two teams in each group will qualify automatically.
The 2026 World Cup will be held in June and July next year in the United States, Canada and Mexico.
Poland reached the round of 16 at the 2022 World Cup in Qatar before being eliminated by eventual runners-up France.
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Source: IAR, PAP, polskieradio24.pl, przegladsportowy.onet.pl